The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats faces increased stress from climate change, notably irregular rainfall patterns affecting local plant life. Recent drought conditions have heightened concerns over water security in the region and the resilience of native forests.
A comprehensive study titled Mapping Forest Phenological Shift in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats: Response to Climate Change provides insights into ecological responses over two decades. Using satellite data, researchers documented temperature rises averaging 0.01°C annually since 1950 and a rainfall decline of nearly 4 millimeters per year.
The research focused on four forest types—moist deciduous, dry deciduous, semi-evergreen, and wet evergreen—to analyze seasonal timing and vegetation health. Results showed a delayed Start of Season (SOS) during 2001-2010 for several forests, shortening growing periods except in moist deciduous forests, which experienced longer seasons.
In the subsequent decade (2011-2020), the SOS advanced across all forest types, leading to overall lengthening of growth seasons. This variability points to disrupted biological rhythms driven by shifting thermal and moisture conditions.
Experts emphasize that altered seasonal patterns threaten ecosystem stability. Temperature, rainfall, drought, photoperiod, and soil moisture collectively influence forest responses. Greater climate variability increases the risk of extreme weather and ecosystem stress.
In the mountain cloud forests known as Sholas, climate impacts are particularly visible. Once characterized by diverse epiphytes and lush flora, these ecosystems are now drier and less vibrant, with microclimates deteriorating. Vernacular ecological indicators show inconsistent winter patterns, with some years experiencing frost and others milder conditions.
Dry scrublands below the Sholas display invasive species proliferation, notably Prosopis juliflora and Lantana camara, while native species struggle to regenerate. Observations of flowering patterns in species like Magnolia nilagirica suggest significant shifts, underscoring ecosystem vulnerability.
These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies. Understanding climate-induced disruptions enables better planning for ecological preservation. As the region’s ecosystems adjust to ongoing climate changes, resilience and adaptive management will be crucial in safeguarding the biodiversity and ecological functions of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
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